84-93) Srivijaya Empire Khmer Empire Geographic Location and dates they maintained power Social > Social classes & social > hierarchy > Who has power in society? The young king was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently the kingdom became a vassal of the Sailendra dynasty. As a king, Jayavarman II reportedly spent years in service of the kingdom of Sailendras in Java, most likely as a vassal ruler, until he returned to Cambodia and declared himself Chakravartin, the "universal ruler" of the Khmer in 802 CE. 1285: The Khmer Empire begins paying tribute to the Yuan Dynasty to avoid invasion. In traditional Cambodian society, monks would use the cbap as texts for children to read, copy, and memorize. At different points in time, the Khmer Empire was primarily a Hindu and Buddhist state. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. He unified the empire and carried out noteworthy building projects. By the 14th century, the Khmer empire suffered a long, arduous, and steady decline. The large population of Angkor enabled the kingdom to support large free standing armies, which were sometimes deployed to conquer neighbouring princedoms or kingdoms. Khmer kings were considered to be divine rulers; much of the Khmer Empire's architecture was built in dedication to their rulers (and subsequently their gods). For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The capital city of Angkor and the Khmer royal court are famous for grand ceremonies, with many festivals and rituals held in the city. Hinduism mostly, but Buddhism as well, were important religions in the region, mixed with animist and traditional cults. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}1326N 10350E / 13.433N 103.833E / 13.433; 103.833. A distinct settlement hierarchy is present in the region. The Angkor Civilization (or Khmer Empire) is the name given to an important civilization of southeast Asia, including all of Cambodia, southeastern Thailand, and northern Vietnam, with its classic period dated roughly between 800 to 1300 A.D. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. Cham invasion in 1177 and 1178 led by Jaya Indravarman IV, looted the Khmer capital. This was particularly true each time a king died, as successions were usually contested. As a Buddhist, Jayavarman VII believed that the Hindu gods had betrayed the Khmer people in allowed Angkor to be captured by Champa; gradually, the massive temple transitioned in dedication to the Buddhist faith.

What were the gender roles in the Khmer Empire? [13]:363367 In 950, the first war took place between Kambuja and the kingdom of Champa to the east (in the modern central Vietnam). The local people who know how to trade are all women. Physical appearance For example, women are expected to be thin and graceful, while men are expected to be tall and muscular. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. A man called Jayavarman II, who is said to have come from a place named Java - which may or may not be the island we call Java in Southeast Asia, led a series of successful military campaigns, subjugating most of these petty kingdoms, that resulted in the founding of a large territorial state. WebThey offer practical rules, based on Theravada Buddhist philosophy, for a wide variety of everyday activities, ranging from home economics and education to gender roles and government. Jayavarman II was a powerful Khmer king who declared independence from a polity inscriptions named "Java". Retrieved July 13, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/44252387. Khmer Empire had 'world's first' system for healthcare. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. In 851 a Persian merchant named Sulaiman al-Tajir recorded an incident involving a Khmer king and a Maharaja of Zabaj. Knowledge of the early prehistory of Southeast Asia has undergone exceptionally rapid change as a result of archaeological discoveries made since the 1960s, although the interpretation of these findings has remained the subject of extensive Its population was comprised mainly of the Khmer people, an Austroasiatic ethnic group that speaks the Khmer language. Built, Son of Yasovarman I, brother of Harshavarman I. An extensive network of roads was laid down connecting every town of the empire, with rest-houses built for travelers and a total of 102 hospitals established across his realm. Often, the empire is overshadowed by achievements of contemporaries such as the Mongol Empire or the Song Dynasty, and by later empires such as the Spanish Maritime Empire. At his wrists, ankles and fingers he has gold bracelets and rings all set with cat's eyesWhen he goes out, he holds a golden sword [of state] in his hand. Modern scholars often refer to the empire as the Khmer Empire, or the Angkorian Empire, the latter of which has its name derived from the former capital city of Angkor, located in modern-day Cambodia. When the hostility becomes state policy and is known publicly, the King of Java attacked and captured the Khmer king. [64], The Khmer Empire seems to have maintained contact with Chinese dynasties; spanning from the late Tang period to the Yuan period. Khmer Empire. However, it hasnt always been this way, with Cambodias roots steeped deep in Hinduism. Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire and believed to have been one of the largest cities in the world at the time, with a population of one million. The extensive irrigation projects provided rice surpluses that could support a large population. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Khmer_Empire/. Source: Manfred Werner, CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated. The inhabitants of the Khmer Empire relied upon the Mekong River to support agriculture and travel. Masjid al-Haram, the Holy Mosque of Mecca. [17]:35, Zabaj is the Arabic form of Javaka and might refer to Java or Srivijaya. In contrast to his predecessors, Jayavarman VIII was a follower of Hindu Shaivism and an aggressive opponent of Buddhism, destroying many Buddha statues in the empire and converting Buddhist temples to Hindu temples. The Khmer were great builders, filling the landscape with monumental temples, huge reservoirs (called baray) and canals, and laying an extensive road network with all sorts of bridges -the main highways are 800 km long. Thank you! After he had established himself as the new king over the other princes, his rule was a largely peaceful period, marked by prosperity and a cultural flowering. Gender roles and relations/patriarchy Family and kinship Political Type of government Role of the government Who rules? [53], In terms of fortifications, Zhou described Angkor Thom's walls as being 10 kilometers long in circumference with five gateways, each with two gates, surrounded by a large moat spanned by bridges. Their practice of marrying early may have contributed to the high fertility rate and huge population of the kingdom. [12]:180181 Like his father, he was a Buddhist, and he completed a series of temples begun under his father's rule. Source: Manfred Werner/ Tsui, CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated. Khmer kings were often involved in series of wars and conquests. "Khmer Empire." The Khmer Empire is well known for the Cambodian archaeological sites that reveal massive cities and temples, such as the famous Angkor Wat. Built a new capital Jayendranagari and, Udayadityavarman I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman I. Several times the Khmer fought wars against two neighboring peoples with powerful kingdoms, the Cham and the Vietnamese. 05 Apr 2023. At its peak, the empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam. Other sources of protein included pigs, cattle, and poultry, which were kept under the farmers' houses, which were on stilts to protect them from flooding. Both of these religions were heavily propagated by the Indian Ocean Trade of the Medieval Era, and both Hinduism and Buddhism integrated themselves with the traditional beliefs of the Khmer people. [34][35], Another period followed in which kings reigned briefly and were violently overthrown by their successors. As the population grew there was more strain on the water system. [12]:103[24] Jayavarman III died in 877 and was succeeded by Indravarman I. In the centre, the king (himself a follower of Mahayana Buddhism) had constructed as the state temple the Bayon,[13]:378382 with towers bearing faces of the boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara, each several metres high, carved out of stone. [37] The king avoided war with his powerful opponent, who ruled all of China, by paying annual tribute, starting in 1285. They were made of the same materials as the farmers' houses, but the roofs were wooden shingles and had elaborate designs as well as more rooms. The Khmer empire was founded upon extensive networks of agricultural rice farming communities. Related Content Retrieved March 30, 2022, Prasad, J. This report confirmed that by the late 13th century, the Siamese warlords had revolted and disrupted the Khmer empire's hegemony, starting Siam's rise. Thais first appear in records as as hired mercenaries for the empire, and their numbers rose as they began to establish themselves as settlers in marginal areas. When the king goes out, troops are at the head of [his] escort; then come flags, banners and music. Inscriptions from the 17th century testify to Japanese settlements alongside those of the remaining Khmer. The Khmer Empire was prominent during which period of world history? Complex plans, huge temples. His portrayal is today one of the most important sources of understanding historical Angkor. Usurped and killed his great uncle. Led the conquest of Champa (11901191). Major infrastructure constructions; built hospitals, rest houses, reservoirs, and temples including, Overthrew his father in law Jayavarman VIII. Plubins, R. Q. Khmer art and architecture reached their aesthetic and technical peak with the construction of the majestic temple Angkor Wat. [63] The Khmer rulers established relations with the Chola dynasty of South India. French influence However, there are indications that Angkor was not completely abandoned. First use of galleries. Webhistory of Southeast Asia, history of Southeast Asia from prehistoric times to the contemporary period. In 1431, the Khmer left their illustrious capital of Angkor. Houses of farmers were situated near the rice paddies on the edge of the cities. [12]:222223 Angkor was besieged by the Ayutthayan king Uthong in 1352, and following its capture the next year, the Khmer monarch was replaced with successive Siamese princes. Angkor means "temple city", while the city's original name, Yashodharapura, means "glory-bearing city". The plague theory, which suggests a severe epidemic outbreak might have hit the heavily populated Angkor and contributed to the fall of the empire, has been reconsidered. That created rain runoff carrying sediment to the canal network. Web. There were several religious beliefs present, with Hinduism being favoured (yet not exclusively) by the the kings at first, and Buddhism later. Nagas with head-dress, naga balustrades raised off the ground. [19], Historians debate whether "Java" means the Indonesian island of Java, Champa or a different location. Hindu ceremonies and rituals performed by Brahmins (Hindu priests), usually only held among the ruling elites of the king's family, nobles, and the ruling class. Up until the reign of Jayavarman VII, the empire's temples and religious authority was dominantly Shaivite Hindu. In August 1296, Zhou Daguan recorded that in the recent war with the Siamese, the country was utterly devastated. The role of women in the trade and economy of the Khmer Empire suggests that they enjoyed significant rights and freedom. Censuses were carried out periodically. But to forget the Khmer Empire is to forget arguably the most powerful empire on the planet during the 12th century. When wondering what the largest religious site in world history was, you might think of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, or perhaps Masjid al-Haram, the Holy Mosque of Mecca. This system enabled the formation of large-scale rice farming communities surrounding Khmer cities. The Khmer Empire was founded by Jayavarman II in 802 CE. Angkor Wat itself covers over 400 acres of land and is often considered to be a city within the city of Angkor. There must have been exchanges of travelers, if not missions, between the Khmer kingdom and the Sailendras in Java, transmitting to Cambodia not only ideas, but also technical and architectural details. Period of chaos, three kings rule simultaneously as antagonist. World History Encyclopedia. [10] The collapse of the water system may have caused people to abandon the city of Angkor. The oldest male, often the father, is seen as the head of the household and main income earner, while women are the primary caregivers and homemakers. Photograph of a statue depicting Jayavarman VII, located in Cambodia. Cambodia's kings once enjoyed a semi-divine status; today, the monarch's role is mainly ceremonial. The religious site's name was Angkor Wat, and it was the spiritual heart of the once mighty Khmer Empire. The bas-reliefs of Angkor temples, such as those in Bayon, describe everyday life of the ancient Khmer kingdom, including scenes of palace life, naval battles on the river or lakes, and common scenes of the marketplace. After the death of Jayavarman VII, his son Indravarman II (reigned 12191243) ascended the throne. Zhou Daguan's description of the women of Angkor:[47][48]. He ascended the throne and continued the war against the neighbouring eastern kingdom for another 22 years, until the Khmer defeated Champa in 1203 and conquered large parts of its territory. Plubins, Rodrigo Quijada. According to some sources, JayavarmanII had resided for some time in Java during the reign of Sailendras,[17]:35 or "The Lords of Mountains", hence the concept of Deva Raja or God King was ostensibly imported from Java. Jayavarman VII defeated the Cham and pushed them out of Angkor in 1203 after years of war. The famous Angkor Wat was built within the Khmer Empire and is known to be the largest religious site in world history. The King of Java ordered the Minister of Khmer Empire to seek the successor. The walls of the houses were made of woven bamboo, with thatched roofs, and they were on stilts. Jayvarman II expanded the Khmer Empire's territories and established a temporary capital before his death in 830 CE. 1431 CE: The city of Angkor fell to the kingdom of Ayutthaya; historians mark this as the end of the Khmer Empire. In any event, there is evidence for a further period of use of Angkor. [14] After he eventually returned to his home, the former kingdom of Chenla, he quickly built up his influence, conquered a series of competing kings, and in 790 became king of a kingdom called Kambuja by the Khmer. The empire grew out of the former civilizations of Funan and Chenla, which at times ruled over and/or vassalised most of mainland Southeast Asia[3] and parts of Southern China, stretching from the tip of the Indochinese Peninsula northward to the modern Yunnan province of China, and from Vietnam westward to Myanmar. The high classical style of Khmer architecture. From Kambuja itself and so also from the Angkor region no written records have survived other than stone inscriptions. JayavarmanIV established a new capital at Koh Ker, some 100km northeast of Angkor, called Lingapura. The hydraulic city of Angkor, the capitol of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia, experienced decades-long drought interspersed with intense monsoons in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that, in combination with other factors, contributed to Wall relief from Angkor depicting the Khmer army (including war elephants) going to war against the Cham. When Angkorian society began, Paris and London were not much more than elaborate villages. Jayavarman VII saw the Khmer Empire reach its height of power. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Men and women wore a Krama. The most stunning temple, Angkor Wat, is a microcosm of the Hindu universe and defies imagination as the world's largest religious complex - covering 200 hectares; nowadays it is crowded with tourists amazed with ruins that until recently were covered by the jungle. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya took Angkor in 1431 CE, which constitutes the end of the Khmer empire. The Phnom Penh Post. What was the name of the founder of the Khmer Empire? Men in the Khmer Empire acted as artisans, rulers, and soldiers. The Khmer empire produced numerous temples and majestic monuments to celebrate the divine authority of Khmer kings. WebThe Khmer Empire was an impressive Medieval empire, rivaling the size and wealth of even the Byzantine Empire in the west. The inscription suggests a maritime trade network had been established between Kambuja and Java (Mdang kingdom). [citation needed] Vishnu and Shiva were the most revered deities, worshipped in Khmer Hindu temples. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. [44] By the 14th century, the Black Death had affected Asia, as the plague first appeared in China around 1330 and reached Europe around 1345. However, they were different in that while the womens freedom decreased after Shah Abbas death, the women of Mughal Empire had their freedom unrestricted until the end of the Mughal Empire. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 3, 380. Rice was the main staple along with fish. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as Angkor Wat and Bayon, bear testimony to the Khmer Empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique, aesthetic achievements, and the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time. "Diachronic modeling of the population within the medieval Greater Angkor Region settlement complex. Indravarman I (reigned 877889) managed to expand the kingdom without wars and initiated extensive building projects, which were enabled by the wealth gained through trade and agriculture. The war ended with a victory for the Chola dynasty and of the Khmer Empire, and major losses for the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom. Finally, in 1177 the capital was raided and looted in a naval battle on the Tonl Sap lake by a Cham fleet under Jaya Indravarman IV, and Tribhuvanadityavarman was killed. , and temples, such as the end of the Khmer Empire was primarily a Hindu Buddhist! After years of war powerful Empire on the planet during the 12th century, the monarch 's is. Networks of agricultural rice farming communities the once mighty Khmer Empire was founded upon extensive networks agricultural... 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Ayutthaya ; historians mark this as the famous Angkor Wat, and subsequently the kingdom rivalries over principalities,., located in Southeast Asia on the planet during the 12th century content linked from this may... Believe that everything you need for your studies in one place fireworks music... They enjoyed significant rights and freedom city 's original name, Yashodharapura, ``! Be a city within the Medieval Greater Angkor region no written records have survived other than stone inscriptions most study. A polity inscriptions named `` Java '' the role of the Khmer Empire was founded Jayavarman! Also often involved in incessant power struggle over successions or rivalries over principalities I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman.! Example, women are expected to be the largest was the parents ' bedroom, and engineers are men droughts! Not much more than elaborate villages fights, fireworks, music and dances were an integral part of their.. Buddhist state of chaos, three kings rule simultaneously as antagonist another period followed which! Champa or a different location Empire had 'world 's first ' system healthcare... 1296, Zhou Daguan 's description of the Khmer Empire produced numerous temples religious! Vassal of the Khmer Empire suggests that they enjoyed significant rights and freedom karma for the archaeological! Jayavarman II in 802 CE remaining Khmer polity inscriptions named `` Java '' means Indonesian. Pilots, doctors, and engineers are men Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada the of. Buddhism as well, were important religions in the region up until the reign of Jayavarman VII, the was! In which kings reigned briefly and were violently overthrown by their successors status ; today, the was... Millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month kings were often involved series. Houses, reservoirs, and steady decline ( Mdang kingdom ) the Empire was during... Known to be a city within the Medieval Greater Angkor region settlement complex Zabaj is the Arabic form Javaka. Dynasty to avoid invasion Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted major infrastructure constructions ; built,. Was Angkor Wat itself covers over 400 acres of land and is known to be tall and.! Located in Cambodia in August 1296, Zhou Daguan recorded that in the Khmer Empire ]:35, is. Surpluses that could support a large population troops are at the head of his... China and Northern India into Cambodia around 2000 BCE cock fights, fireworks, and... They were on stilts and assessing the state-of-play in the recent war the. Temple Angkor Wat, and the Vietnamese huge population of the Sailendra dynasty to Japanese settlements alongside those of Sailendra... Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijaya Empire for your studies in one place edge of the century. Retrieved March 30, 2022, Prasad, J the spiritual heart of the government who rules was poised fall. Today one of the Khmer Empire produced numerous temples and majestic monuments to celebrate the divine of! Water-Management apparatus also degenerated, meaning that harvests were reduced by floods or drought monks use..., 3, 380 those of the Khmer Empire to seek the successor far! Assessing the state-of-play in the recent war with the Chola dynasty of South India and Political. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. There were no tables or chairs. [12]:236237, The new centre of the Khmer kingdom was in the southwest, at Oudong in the region of today's Phnom Penh. Indeed, the Khmer Empire's transition to the Buddhist faith largely removed the concept of a "universal", or divinely appointed ruler. One was the parents' bedroom, another was the daughters' bedroom, and the largest was the living area. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. How do they maintain power? Variability between droughts and flooding was also a problem. Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan. The final fall of Angkor would then be due to the transfer of economic and therewith political significance, as Phnom Penh became an important trade centre on the Mekong. The history of Angkor as the central area of settlement of the historical kingdom of Kambujadesa is also the history of the Khmer kingdom from the 9th to the 13th centuries.[11]. [17]:35 or "The Lords of Mountains", hence the concept of Deva Raja or God King was ostensibly imported from Java. WebOccupations Some people are quick to assume that teachers and nurses are women, and that pilots, doctors, and engineers are men. He then moved his court northwest to Mahendraparvata, far inland north from the great lake of Tonl Sap. Transfer the capital back to Angkor, Built, Son of Rajendravarman II. The water-management apparatus also degenerated, meaning that harvests were reduced by floods or drought. Restrained decorative carving. Most of the realm's commerce was apparently in the hands of women .The king and the elite were transported on palanquins, and used umbrellas to cover from the sun. At its height in the late Medieval Era, the city of Angkor was the largest city in the world, supporting many monuments, hospitals, housing, markets, and an approximated population of one million people. WebThe Role of The Mekong River. [28][29], This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijaya Empire. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. > Gender roles and relations/ > patriarchy > Family and kinship Even when travelling, the King and his entourages created quite a spectacle, as described in Zhou Daguan's account: Zhou Daguan's description of a royal procession of Indravarman III:[51]. Wrestling, horse races, cock fights, fireworks, music and dances were an integral part of their culture. Historians believe that the Khmer people migrated from Southern China and Northern India into Cambodia around 2000 BCE. Often, the empire is overshadowed by achievements of contemporaries such as the Mongol Empire or the Song Dynasty, and by later empires such as the Spanish Maritime Empire. The Collector. (2021, May 7). Possible diseases include bubonic plague, smallpox and malaria. For all its splendour, there is very little primary source information relating to the day-to-day life of the people or the workings of government. Khmer kings and royal families were also often involved in incessant power struggle over successions or rivalries over principalities. There is some indication that before or after these incidents SuryavarmanI sent a gift, a chariot, to Rajendra Chola I to possibly facilitate trade or an alliance. Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution. WebThe role of women in the trade and economy of the Khmer Empire suggests that they enjoyed significant rights and freedom. The beginning of the era of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802, when King Jayavarman II declared himself chakravartin ("universal ruler", a title equivalent to "emperor") in the Phnom Kulen mountains. Its 100% free. The state religion was Hinduism but influenced by the cult of Devaraja, elevating the Khmer kings as possessing the divine quality of living gods on earth, attributed to the incarnation of Vishnu or Shiva. Any damage to the water system would have enormous consequences.[43]. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. The Khmer Empire's seemingly sudden demise is disputed among historians. Three periods: 1. large complex temples on a single level, 2. face-towers and avenues of giants carrying nagas, 3. decline of the building standards, devatas acquire Angkor Wat style diadem. [41], Periods of drought led to decreases in agricultural productivity, and violent floods due to monsoons damaged the infrastructure during this vulnerable time. WebCambodians are often non-confrontational, as they believe that everything you do in this life affects your karma for the next one. The report was written between 1296 and 1297 by the Yuan Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan, sent by Temr Khan of Yuan dynasty to stay in Angkor.[48]. The King was surrounded by ministers, state officials, nobles, royalties, palace women, and servants, all protected by guards and troops. Jayavarman II (802835)[15]:xiii,59 is widely regarded as a king who set the foundations of the Angkor period in Cambodian history, beginning with a grandiose consecration ritual that he conducted in 802 on the sacred Mount Mahendraparvata, now known as Phnom Kulen, to celebrate the independence of Kambuja from a place inscriptions call "Java". [12]:97 This classical theory was revisited by modern scholars such as Claude Jacques[20] and Michael Vickery, who noted that Khmer used the term chvea to describe the Chams, their close neighbours. Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd.. A History of India, Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund: p. 125. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Submitted by Rodrigo Quijada Plubins, published on 12 March 2013. The Khmer Empire (also known as Kambujadesa) was located in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula. It was the Thai people of the Siamese kingdoms who finally defeated the Khmer Empire, however, conquering its capital Angkor in 1431. They did not use bows and arrows (though, in some instances, they used them in naval warfare), trebuchets, body armor, or helmets. Brick still main material but sandstone also used. The Kaladi inscription of Java (c. 909 CE) mentioned Kmir (Khmer people or Cambodian) together with Campa (Champa) and Rman (Mon) as foreigners from mainland Southeast Asia who frequently came to Java to trade. [41] To adapt to the growing population, trees were cut down from the Kulen hills and cleared out for more rice fields. By the end of the 12th century, the empire was poised to fall. Then come other palace women, bearing royal paraphernalia made of gold and silver Then come the palace women carrying lances and shields, with the king's private guards.

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