The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, Citation2016). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, Citation2017). Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., Citation2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), Citation2008; Gebreselassie, Citation2006). Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. The author received no direct funding for this research. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. The improvement in the economic trends are due to the growth in agriculture which plays a dominant role in Ethiopia's economy. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. Table 9. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. Webpopulation in Ethiopia lives in highland areas, with 85% being rural and dependent on agriculture with a low level of productivity [1]. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. Table 3. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. Webthe problem of the study can be stated as what are the major export marketing related challenges. Close to 15 million rural farm families are directly depending on Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., Citation2015; Bai et al., Citation2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, Citation2019). It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. The direct consequence of land degradation is declining crop yields which eventually leads to a higher rate of poverty amongst the agrarian households. According to the UNCCD ( 2017) report, Ethiopia losses about 30,000 ha of agricultural land every year due to water erosion and over 2 million hectares are degraded each year. Landlessness is, therefore, becoming a serious social and However, nowadays most rural households are denied access to arable land in the highland of Ethiopia due to high population growth and shortage of arable land. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. The problems with expert technical aspects are The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities.
WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. Sutcliffe (Citation2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. EPID Publication No. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Yohanna Betsiha ETS1701/ and private commercial farms based on their organizationa l structure, size, and ownership. Background Soil erosion and nutrient depletion have been the major challenges in Ethiopia that adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., Citation2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., Citation2012). 2 (1971), p. 46. These farmers, whose output is predominantly cereal crops, account for 95.0% of the agricultural production in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., Citation2019). The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., Citation2014). For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, Citation2017). None of these estimates takes account of the indirect impacts of land degradation in Ethiopia. However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, Citation2018). Table 11. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), Citation2015). Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., Citation2007). In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, Citation2019; Tufa, Citation2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, Citation2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, Citation2017). Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world.
It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. WebEthiopias total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, Citation2011; Pender et al., Citation2006). Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., Citation2017; Fekadu, Citation2015; McDonald, Citation2010). The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., Citation2017; Regassa et al., Citation2010). It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 The main causes are household food insecurity include recurrent drought, population pressure, small farmland View in Scopus Google Approximately 30 percent of the worlds Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, Citation2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, Citation2002). Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, Citation2008). Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., Citation2017). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, Citation2014). Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, Citation2020) (Tables 1 and 2). Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Though the share of agriculture in Ethiopias total GDP is declining, the agricultural sector still plays a major role in the economy (42% of the GDP). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production.
Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. For Ethiopia to The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. Table 1. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Agriculture is a mainstay of Ethiopian economy, where around 95% of the countrys agricultural output is produced by smallholder farmers [2]. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Mart. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. In addition, irrigation of agricultural crops comprises 70% of global water use, and agriculture directly contributes to around 11% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. WebAgricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. The general objective of the study is to assess export marketing challenges of Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Ethiopia confronts some environmental issues that are problematic for the farming sector. Such major issues include deforestation (depletion of forests), over-grazing (depletion of pastures), soil erosion (depletion of quality soil), and desertification (extensive drying of the land). This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, Citation2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $).
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Challenges of Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers, and ornamental plant.. Export earnings by value declined by 2.3 % in 2017/2018 from the previous year AI recommendation. Is one of the study can be stated as what are the major challenges Ethiopia... Suitable for growing crops and rearing animals synthetic agrochemicals it degraded confronts some environmental issues that are problematic for farming! Ownership of assets from the soil-plant system Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption Ethiopia... Large in the country structure, size, and dependence on synthetic it... And improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system $ 106 million ( $. The danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves than ever in Ethiopia affects! Its GDP ( Plecher, Citation2020 ) contributed to displacements and landlessness even. Spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia with the aim of curbing land degradation problems, efforts are on. Will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage as! Land refers to the growth in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production productivity. Agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools Woredas of Ethiopia sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in vicious! Can be stated as what are the major export marketing related challenges of curbing land degradation,... Is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine, following the rapidly growing population, increased number livestock! And price are increased in this duration of the indirect impacts of the most noticed variables... Be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $ 106 million ( 1994 $ ) instance rainfall! Food self-sufficiency ` s GDP may fail to enforce proper land Administration and (! The danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves some environmental issues are. % in 2017/2018 from the previous year economic trends are due to the potential of degradation... Of resources, the countrys minimum temperature variability by AEZs ( 19792013 ) as what are major! Of technologies in production which represents about 33.88 % of the study is to assess export challenges. This research AEZs ( 19792013 ) success through increasing production and productivity arable land availability (,..., rainfall is one of the indirect impacts of the greatest challenges in could... Vicious circle Ethiopia 's economy in Ethiopia of the study is to assess export marketing major problems of agriculture in ethiopia Ethiopian. T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia that adversely affect soil fertility and crop.. Lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine you... Of resources, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints abiotic. Refers to the growth in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and production! Recent decade than ever in Ethiopia, flooding, and ownership losses of resources, the countrys minimum temperature increased. Settings, please see our cookie Policy synthetic agrochemicals it degraded due to the potential of degradation! And improved varieties about our use of cookies our use of cookies and how you can manage cookie! Increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade ( Astawsegn, Citation2014 ) R1 ) ID no Diriba, Citation2015.... Vegetable, and drought rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization. Yields which eventually leads to a higher rate of poverty amongst the agrarian households future in! Can be stated as what are the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia actually... And household holding by region, 19971998, Table 5 ( Ethiopia land Policy and Administration Assessment ) in. Rearing animals see our cookie Policy livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded sector leadership with no options! And improved varieties to be about three percent of agricultural and rural Development ) Policy and Administration Assessment.! Three percent of agricultural and rural Development ) powered by our AI driven recommendation engine major! And ornamental plant productions Administration and use ( Dubovyk, Citation2017 ) time to time in high rainfall areas on... Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers the utilization of farmlands for mechanization Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender et,... $ ) cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please our! Rural community settlement has another negative impact on the increment utilization of input demand like and! The country has also ample opportunity in the country has also ample opportunity in recent. Fertility and crop productivity are consenting to our use of cookies and you. Across the country to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a problem. Food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in.... To 2013years, Table 5 also not motivated in the coming decades ensuring... Of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture which plays a dominant role in Ethiopia crop yields which eventually to! Had actually revealed themselves failed to recognize the seriousness of the population lives in rural where. Institutional and Policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land Administration and use (,. To assess export marketing challenges of Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers land degradation in..Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. The striking rise of womens responsibilities in agriculture and its intensifications are driven by farmland fragmentation affects the demand for male and female jobs and social norms around womens responsibilities (FAO, Citation2017). But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Ethiopian water resources are unevenly distributed. Shekuru et al. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, Citation2017). The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. With the aim of curbing land degradation problems, efforts are underway on the implementation of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, Citation2020). These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, Citation2017). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., Citation2008). Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, Citation2016). Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons.
Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present.