2012). Water harvesting is particularly important for less rainy seasons and integrated water management, and will provide supplementary irrigation during deficits. Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken. The temporal variabilities of rainfall are characterized by;i. They are limited to the lowlands in the peripheries.Away from the peripheries the land begins to rise gradually and considerably, culminating inpeaks in various parts of the country. Basic climatic parameters such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind, evapotranspiration, and aridity are considered and their spatial distribution is analyzed. Our analysis is focused on describing spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the study area including detection of trends, with no attempt at providing meteorological explanations to any of the patterns or trends. Therefore, given the prolonged climatic variability of the Beressa watershed, the following coping and adaptation mechanisms are suggested. Therefore, in order to reduce the bottleneck for food insecurity in the short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted. The present study aimed to undertake spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature and its implications. Crop production showed high correlation with belg and kiremit rainfall; only annual rainfall and barley crops showed stronger correlation. The northeasterly winds crossing the Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar lowlands and the Red Sea coastalareas.iv. Sponsored Schools. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. During these seasons, rainfall is more highly variable than the main rainy season of the area. Therefore, increased sensitivity and vulnerability to food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in climatic variability. This is because the temperature and the amount of energy reaching the surface isdirectly related with the directness of the sun.The direction of rain bearing winds (leeward or windward side) also determines the temperaturevariations in mountainous regions. In view of this, the incidence of food shortage is a common occurrence. In kiremit season, rain is essential but it extends to the bega season during the harvesting stage. Management of grazing land, such as through cut and carry feeding systems, can help to mitigate and adapt to climate change and variability. Starting a new venture? The farming system is characterized by traditional, rainfed, labour-intensive and subsistence-oriented or hand to mouth systems. This is particularly the case for the local community, whose economy is susceptible to variability and the erratic nature of rainfall and water shortage; recurrent drought is a common phenomenon. Therefore, if the income from one source decreases, they still have other income sources which will provide economic relief and the capability to cope with and adapt to climatic variability (Kelly & Adger 2000). The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. A significant increase in annual mean temperature was observed in all stations, with the magnitude varying from 0.03 C/year and 7.60% in DB station to 0.14 C/year and 31.30% at SD station. 2010). The variation inthe amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. It is the second largest zone covering more than 26% of the landmass of Ethiopia. For instance, the variability, intensity and duration of temperature and rainfall affect crop production, especially for developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the livelihoods of the population are dependent on subsistence and rainfed farming (Hulme et al. 2012). The rate and variability of increasing temperature have dramatically increased, making it more difficult for local communities to foresee the intensity and magnitude of temperature even for the next few years. 2013; Irannezhad et al. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. Before this period, the maximum temperature was 19.40 C and the minimum temperature was 6.20 C, with an average temperature of 12.80 C, while the time series maximum temperature has increased to 20.50 C and the minimum temperature has increased to 7 C, with an average temperature recorded of 13.75 C (Figure3). The magnitude of the significantly increasing trend of mean annual rainfall of 0.28 mm/year and 1.07% (DB station) was recorded, whereas a significantly decreasing trend of mean annual rainfall was observed with the values of 8.62 mm/year and 27.88% (HG station). All the given crops show considerably high correlation with belg rainfall. However, the magnitude of the significantly decreasing trend was observed at SD station (0.90 mm/year and 16.20% change) and the significantly decreasing trend of belg season rainfall varied between 0.12 mm/year and 10.00% at GIN station to a significantly increasing trend of 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% at DB station. The time series of five years moving average minimum and maximum temperature was analysed for the period 19802014. Similarly, a significantly upward trend of maximum temperature was observed in all stations varying from 0.023 C/year and 4.00% in GIN station with a maximum value of 0.21 C/year and 37.60% in ENW station. For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands. The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia. The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. Therefore, clear information about the annual and seasonal rainfall distribution is highly important for policy planners and local users. Spatiotemporal Distribution of TemperatureAltitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia and the Horn. However, in the belg season during the period 19802014 the five years' average moving annual and seasonal rainfall was considerably variable. According to Al-Bakri et al. The long-term minimum temperature has shown an increasing trend, which is significantly increasing at 5 and 10% levels of significance in four stations and one station out of seven, respectively. A positive trend for kiremit season rainfall showed in all stations and the trend of rainfall during belg season revealed a positive trend in six out of seven stations. Additionally, serial correlation was tested. Based on these observations, the rainfall pattern and distribution of the area could be classified as irregular and erratic distribution. Our professionals at.. Media industry has been witnessing a accelerating growth these days. Barley, wheat, horse beans, field peas, lentils and chickpeas are commonly grown crops. Sponsored Schools. 2013; Muhire & Ahmed 2015). Afar and parts ofEritrean coastal areas experience rainfall in this period. The shift takes place when the trade winds from the north retreat giving the space forequatorial westerlies. 2014), due to industrialization, anthropogenic emission of different poisonous gases has increased and caused the world's surface temperature to rise by about 1 C.

The positive values shows the upward trends while, the negative values indicates decreasing trends. 2005). Here are the average temperatures. The magnitude of the decreasing trend was found to be 0.06 mm/year and 7.50% in GIN station, 0.05 mm/year and 8.80% at SD station, 0.11 mm/year and 12.70% at HG station, 0.13 mm/year and 29.00% change at SH station, 0.19 mm/year and 53.00% at DB station, 0.19 mm/year and 35.00% and 0.20 mm/year and 56.40% change at DBS station. 2013; Pingale et al. During thisseason, Ethiopia and the Horn come under the influence of the Equatorial Westerlies (Guineamonsoon) and Easterlies.Hence, the Guinea monsoon and the South easterly winds areresponsible for the rain in this season.ii. As presented in Table3, the Sen's slope estimator indicates an upward trend in four stations and a downward trend in three stations for annual rainfall. Spring (March, April and May)In this season, the noonday sun is shining directly on the equator while shifting north from south.The shift of the ITCZ, results in longer days and more direct solar radiation providing warmerweather for the northern world. It is a rainfall region in the southwestern partof the country. Several factors are known to regulate Ethiopia's climate. WebEthiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. Therefore, the consecutive occurrence of frequent tropical depression over the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) overlapped with the recurrent drought of Ethiopia (1972 and 1984). Therefore, long-term analysis of climatic trends has been used to characterize the situations (Singh et al. In the year 1987, the incidence of annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount. Likewise, in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile (Wu et al. The convergence of Northeast Trade winds and the Equatorial Westerlies forms theITCZ, which is a low-pressure zone.The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of theITCZ causes a variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.064. Improving awareness about climatic variability and its adverse implications for their environment enables farmers to modify their resources and management practices and make efficient use of available water for better crop production. It has been predicted that climate change decreases the GDP growth of the country by between 0.5 and 2.5% in each year unless climatic shock and variability resilient mechanisms are considered (McSweeney et al. The moving average is possibly acquired by considering the initial subset average. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. Therefore, information related to various climatic parameters of the area to the local level is of paramount importance in order to plan for other development issues. Both increasing and decreasing trends of climatic variables were observed. Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % of annual and seasonal rainfall (19802014). Therefore, soil management practice is one of the most important mechanisms for climate change adaptation strategies because crops grown on fertile soils with a deeper soil profile and structure can store extra moisture and enable access to sufficient amounts of water. We explore & analyses the requirements & challenges of each industry individually. In line with the study by Wu et al. WebEthiopia. Basic climatic parameters such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind, evapotranspiration, and aridity are considered and their spatial distribution is analyzed. Therefore, in order to know the yields, annual rainfall is less important for prediction. This development mainly happens in July in Ethiopia and the Horn causingvariability and seasonality.The ITCZ shifts towards south of equator (Tropic of Capricorn) in January. If you..Learn More. According to a report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry 2007; Pachauri et al. WebThis study assessed the historical (19832005) and future (20262100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). Five years moving average temperature (19802014). Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Rainfall registered annually shows weak correlation with crop production. All rights reserved. The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively. As shown in Figure2, during the period 19802014 the seasonal rainfall trend of the Beressa watershed for the kiremit season shows less rainfall variability throughout the study periods. Overall, the five years moving average trend of average annual temperature of the study watershed is increasing by about 0.95 C. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. Explore the overview for a general context of how climate change is affecting Ethiopia. In this study, to manage the data quality, data series were plotted in order to identify the outliers. The annual minimum and maximum rainfall is 698.5 and 1083.3 mm, respectively. 2005). 2017a, 2017b). Therefore, saving provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience. Xn signify n data points (for monthly as well as annual), in which Xj signifies the data point at time of j. The Geological Time Scale and Age Dating Techniques, 2.4. The magnitude of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG station (at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88%). The exact position of the ITCZchanges over the course of the year, oscillating across the equator.

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