According to the Chechen government, the referendum passed with 95.5% of the votes and almost 80% turnout.

Traces of Nachtuoi's [Chechens] stay in the country of Ararat [Urartu] are found in toponymy as Nachtevan, Nakhtshuan (Nachidschevan). However, since 2005 Ramzan Kadyrov (son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been the caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed as the new president. The Caucasus was a major competing area for two neighboring rival empires: the Ottoman and Turco-Persian empires (Safavids, Afsharids, Qajars). The teips are based more on land and one-side lineage than on blood (as exogamy is prevalent and encouraged), and are bonded together to form the Chechen nation. Dunlop writes (p.30): "In 1860, according to Soviet-era figures, 81,360 Chechens left for Turkey; a second emigration took place in 1865, when an additional 22,500 Chechens left. Traditionally, linguists attributed both Ingush and Batsbi to the Chechen language (as its dialects) before the endoethnonym Vainakh appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into further devastating destabilization. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. . They are mythically descended from the epic hero, Turpalo-Nokhchuo ("Chechen Hero"). The Chechens (/ttnz, ttnz/;[18] Chechen: , Noxiy, Old Chechen: , Naxoy), historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, Urartu, Hurrians, Caucas, Princedom of Simsim[19] are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. He was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the war he was betrayed by the Ottomans, handed over to Russians, and executed in 1794.[30]. The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-Avar commander, Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see Murid War). Notable in Chechen history, this particular Russo-Persian War marked the first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Vainakh. Russia began to use a colonization tactic by destroying Nakh settlements and building Cossack defense lines in the lowlands. There were many (predominantly Russian) migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union, who often settled in the abandoned family homes of Chechens and Ingushes. The U.S. invasion of Iraq and toppling of Saddam Hussein was disastrously ill-conceived, as I explained before it started back in 2003. Mineral water is of economic importance, and the republic has a growing tourism sector. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. Catalonia, on the other hand, is the most prosperous region of Spain. "It's no secret that most of the dead enemy soldiers are ethnically from Buryatia, Tuva, Dagestan, Tatarstan, and Chechnya," he said, naming Russian regions with large numbers of Muslims and Buddhists. The Chechens: A Handbook. [106] Kadyrov's spokesman Alvi Karimov told Interfax that gay people "simply do not exist in the republic" and made an approving reference to honor killings by family members "if there were such people in Chechnya". [68] This alone explains the strongly Alarodian [Urartian]-Armenoid character of the Chechen language, which deviates from the normal Caucasian sound system. [80] Sheikh Mansur led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century. [29] The rebellion was led by Mansur Ushurma, a Chechen Naqshbandi (Sufi) sheikhwith wavering military support from other North Caucasian tribes. . The languages used in the Republic are Chechen and Russian. Chechen culture puts a strong value on the concept of freedom. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence indicate continuous habitation for some 8,000 years. These events were key in the shaping of the Chechen nationhood and their martial-oriented and clan-based society.[77]. 2. [80] As of 2020, there are eight Orthodox churches in Chechnya, the largest is the temple of the Archangel Michael in Grozny. - , 1963. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. [27] In 1732, after Russia already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia, now led by Nader Shah, following the Treaty of Resht, Russian troops clashed again with Chechens in a village called Chechen-aul along the Argun River. The Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da (ruler of the nation). It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare. Jaimoukha, Amjad. The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan). The republic lost its Prigorodny District which transferred to North Ossetian ASSR but gained predominantly Russian Naursky District and Shelkovskoy District that is considered the homeland for Terek Cossacks. In 2003, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy. The reason the Dagestani uprising failed to engender widespread support, while the one in Chechnya succeeded, is that the ethnic makeups of the neighboring regions are fundamentally different. In late 1970s, Chechnya produced up to 20 million tons of oil annually, production declined sharply to approximately 3 million tons in the late 1980s, and to below 2 million tons before 1994, first (19941996) second Russian invasion of Chechnya (1999) inflicted material damage on the oil-sector infrastructure, oil production decreased to 750,000 tons in 2001 only to increase to 2 million tons in 2006, by 2012 production was 1 million tons.[118]. Russia installed a pro-Russian Chechen regime. On the origin of the Vainakhs", "Microsoft Word 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc", " , I ( ) / .", " ", "Chechnya's Forgotten Children of the Holodomor", "Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944", "Chechnya, reference article by Freedom House publications", "Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya", Context of 'September 13, 1999: Second Moscow Apartment Bombing Kills 118; Chechen Rebels Blamed', "Gay Chechens flee threats, beatings and exorcism", "Ramzan Kadyrov: The warrior king of Chechnya", "Kadyrov's Power and Cult of Personality Grows", "Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate", Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, " ", "-2010: ", "Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya", "The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus", "Chechnya saw the first mass baptism in its today's history". [7] "[40] According to some data, Chechens are genetically, linguistically and anthropologically considered the descendants of the Hurrians and Urartians. As Russia expanded slowly southwards as early as the 16th century, clashes between Chechens and Russians became more frequent, and it became three empires competing for the region. [36][35] as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the Fertile Crescent c.10,0008,000B.C. The word for freedom also encompasses notions of peace and prosperity. The Russian and the local security forces were totally taken by Kuzio, Taras. Since then, there have been various Chechen rebellions against Russian/Soviet power in 186566, 1877, during the Russian Civil War and World War II, as well as nonviolent resistance to Russification and the Soviet Union's collectivization and anti-religion campaigns. WebChechnya is a Muslim state in Ukraine, surrounded by mostly Christian Russians. [54][55][56], In response to the increasing terrorism, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region. , 1965 . The 1921 August 1991 Soviet coup d'tat attempt led to the abandonment of this reorganisation.

. [37] Some journalists contested the official explanation, instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya.

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From an estimated population of over a million in the 1840s, there were only 140,000 Chechens left in the Caucasus in 1861", Dunlop p.29ff. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, close to the Caspian Sea. : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 26, 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&oldid=1147625853, Chechen-speaking countries and territories, Regions of Europe with multiple official languages, States and territories established in 1993, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with dead external links from December 2016, Articles containing Chechen-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from February 2016, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013, Articles needing additional references from June 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013, Articles with dead external links from February 2019, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The etymology of the term Nakhchiy can also be understood as a compound formed with Nakh ('people') attached to Chuo ('territory').[30][33]. Central Grozny. One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and his comrade-in-arms Ingush abrek Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski.

As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most "Caucasian" people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus Kavkas Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition. Some Chechens were controlled by regional teips, or clans, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures. [97][101][102], Russian military historian and Lieutenant General Vasily Potto describes the appearance of the Chechens as follows: "The Chechen is handsome and strong. [107] In a 2021 Council of Europe report into anti-LGBTI hate crimes, rapporteur Foura ben Chikha described the "state-sponsored attacks carried out against LGBTI people in Chechnya in 2017" as "the single most egregious example of violence against LGBTI people in Europe that has occurred in decades". Kavkazskaya voyna v otdel'nykh ocherkakh, epizodakh, legendakh i biografiyakh", "Chechen Republic History Born to be free", Just Like England: On the Liberal Institutions of the Circassians, "Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya", "The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus", "Shattering the Al Qaeda-Chechen Myth: Part 1", "Kadyrov Exploits Ties with Moscow to Build Islamic State", "Virtue Campaign on Women in Chechnya under Ramzan Kadyrov | Human Rights Watch", "Chechen Leader's Islamic Policies Stir Unease", The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present, Traditional Social Organisation of Chechen people, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chechens&oldid=1148348523, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Chechen-language text, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 April 2023, at 16:51. [52], Chechen rebels continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terrorist attacks. Chechens are Urartians. [53][pageneeded] In October 2002, 4050 Chechen rebels seized a Moscow theater and took about 900 civilians hostage. [75] Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi schools of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). And the man is the owner. The battle lasted twelve years. [57] The Economist was skeptical of the results, arguing that "few outside the Kremlin regard the referendum as fair".[58]. However, during the mid-14th century a strong Chechen Princedom called Simsim emerged under Khour II, a Chechen king that led the Chechen politics and wars. A woman should give her love to us [men] She would be [man's] property. It campaigned for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation. In April 1996 the first democratically elected president of Chechnya, Dzhokhar Dudayev, was killed by Russian forces using a booby trap bomb and a missile fired from a warplane after he was located by triangulating the position of a satellite phone he was using. . Microsoft Encarta 2008. Chechens in the diaspora often speak the language of the country they live in (English, French, German, Arabic, Polish, Georgian, Turkish, etc.). In 1944, all Chechens, together with several other peoples of the Caucasus, were ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to be deported en masse to the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSRs; and their republic and nation were abolished. 84913 2000 . Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them. [93], On 1 July 2009, Amnesty International released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the Russian Federation against Chechen citizens. Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against Nazi Germany on the front line (including Heroes of the USSR: Abukhadzhi Idrisov, Khanpasha Nuradilov, Movlid Visaitov), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of Malgobek after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were deported during Operation Lentil to the Kazakh SSR (later Kazakhstan) in 1944 near the end of World War II where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished. Not even cigarettes or hookah. [29] In 2004, the European Parliament recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush as an act of genocide.[42]. The Caucasus Emirate had fully adopted the tenets of a Salafist jihadist group through its strict adherence to the Sunni Hanbali obedience to the literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah. Location: The Chechen Republic is nestled in the North Caucasus Mountains in southeast Europe.

they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones. According to popular tradition, the Russian term Chechency () comes from central Chechnya, which had several important villages and towns named after the word Chechen. [104][105], Chechens today have a strong sense of nation, which is enforced by the old clan network and nokhchalla the obligation to clan, tukkhum, etc. pp. Microsoft Corporation. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and WebIn Chechnya, a tiny Muslim republic in southern Russia with just 1.5 million people, resistance to Russian rule dates back at least two centuries. Chechnya (Russian: , IPA:[ttna]; Chechen: , romanized:Noxiy), officially the Chechen Republic,[a] is a republic of Russia. Akhmed Zakayev, deputy prime minister and a foreign minister under Maskhadov, was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in England. [51] In response to the bombings, a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the Ichkerian regime and a ground offensive that began in October 1999 marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Naskhish, a dialect spoken to the northeast of Chechnya. [62], The mighty state of Durdzuketi has been known since the 4th century BC. At the same time, Chechnya under Moscow-backed authoritarian rule of Ramzan Kadyrov has undergone its own controversial counter-campaign of Islamization of the republic, with the local government actively promoting and enforcing their own version of a so-called "traditional Islam", including introducing elements of Sharia that replaced Russian official laws.[117][118][119][120]. [37][59][60][61] After the 2004 school siege, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced sweeping security and political reforms, sealing borders in the Caucasus region and revealing plans to give the central government more power. Chechens are not actually Caucasians, but ethnically and linguistically sharply separated from other mountain peoples of the Caucasus. [45], After the war, parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government, for a five-year term. [115] In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the Second Chechen War. [47][pageneeded] There was an economic downturn. The tsarists' regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s. He defended the borders of Chechnya from invasions of Kabardinians and Avars during the Battle of Khachara in 1667. WebRussian President Boris Yeltsin opposed Chechen independence, arguing that Chechnya was an integral part of Russia. Literary Chechen is based on the central lowland dialect. Individual North Caucasian groups, including the [81] Former president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the Georgian Civil War, recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993. Though evidence of Nakh settlement was found on the southern slopes of the Caucasus in the second and first millennia BC, he did not rule out the possibility of their residence in the northern and eastern regions of the Caucasus. There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its national animal, the wolf. Chechnya was heavily influenced by radical islam during its independent years and quickly became ungovernable even by local authorities. Power disparity is too huge, not in favor of Madrid. The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba". The name Chechen was however already used since as early as 1692. According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran. After the re-capture of Grozny in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart. In the ensuing decade, the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions, usually fighting unconventionally. .169, Jaimoukha (p.50): "The Chechens suffered horrific losses in human life during the long war. Its regional constitution entered into effect on 2 April 2003, after an all-Chechen referendum was held on 23 March 2003. During the Middle Ages, the lowland of Chechnya was dominated by the Khazars and then the Alans. WebLes Tchtchnes sont l'un des peuples Nakh, qui vit dans les hautes terres du Nord-caucase depuis la prhistoire 11. [19] This period also saw the appearance of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron), dishes, armor, daggers, knives and arrow tips in the region. The only three surviving Nakh peoples are Chechens, Ingush and Bats, but they are thought by some scholars to be the remnants of what was once a larger family of peoples. WebChechnya has a population of one Moscow district and a GDP of a bathtub. These places include Chechan, Nana-Checha ("Mother Checha") and Yokkh Chechen ("Greater Chechena"). [33][34] Tapa Tchermoeff, a prominent Chechen statesman, was elected the first prime minister of the state. Rasizade, Alec. They offered Chechens and Ingush to leave the Caucasus for the Ottoman Empire (see Muhajir (Caucasus)). , 1973. 26 ", "Who Is Afraid of Navalny, Killings in Chechnya, Trump-Putin Meeting", "Dozens of relatives of government critics reportedly kidnapped in Chechnya", "Amnesty International working against laws punishing sexual relations between men", "Chechnya police arrest 100 suspected gay men, three killed: report", "Chechnya has opened concentration camps for gay men", "Over 100 people allegedly sent to 'concentration camps' for gay men in Chechnya", "Persecution of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation), Resolution 2230 (2018)", "Chechens tell of prison beatings and electric shocks in anti-gay purge: 'They called us animals', "Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe", "Reports: several gay men and women detained in Chechnya", "Chechnya has reportedly launched a new 'gay purge', "Chechnya launches new gay 'purge', reports say", "New wave of persecution against LGBT people in Chechnya: around 40 people detained, at least two killed", "Activists Say 40 Detained And 2 Dead in Gay Purge in Chechnya", "Chechnya's Capital Rises From the Ashes, Atop Hidden Horrors", "Chechnya, Republic of Unemployment rate, 1990-2014 - knoema.com", "Does Chechnya Stand To Lose Out From Russian-Azerbaijani Oil Agreement? In the west, it borders North Ossetia and Ingushetia, in the north, Stavropol Krai, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, Georgia. Muslim men arrive for Friday prayers at the central mosque in the Chechen capital Grozny April 26, 2013. Kashmir, Chechnya and Xinjiang are not so different although their respective governments' response certainly was. Here, if a woman does not behave properly, her husband, father, and brother are responsible. As a result, many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen-Ingush ASSR permanently and survived the famine.[36]. Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Chechnya was in full revolt from the Russian Federation a few years ago. The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens,[112] and thus it remains the most practiced. Other notable values were found among North Caucasian Turkic peoples (Kumyks (25%)[98] and Balkars (24%)[99]). Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan, Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy, Fedstat ( ), Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia Religious implications, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, ", , (, " ", "Ramzan Kadyrov: Putin's key Chechen ally", "Caucasian Knot | An Essay on the History of the Vainakh People. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice versa over time after hearing it for a while. [108], On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another 'gay purge' had begun in the country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained. Georgian historian Giorgi Melikishvili posited that although there was evidence of Nakh settlement in Southern Caucasus areas, this did not rule out the possibility that they also lived in the North Caucasus. De Gruyter Mouton. [citation needed]. The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment. "The Nakh Dagestanian consonant correspondences". Chechnya was in full revolt from the Russian Federation a few years ago. Chechens are indigenous to the North Caucasus and are ethnically close to the Ingush, with the large majority located in Chechnya. . [89], Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military. 1- 30 2014 . .239, . . . He called Kadyrov the Lion of Allah. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno). This movement was opposed by Boris Yeltsin's Russian Federation, which argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Unionas the Baltic, Central Asian, and other Caucasian States hadbut was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede. The Chechens were finally defeated in 1861 after a bloody war that lasted for decades, during which they lost most of their entire population. WebPopulation 47,329,981 inhabitants Area 506,030 square kilometres (195,380 sq mi) Muslim Iberia and the Christian countries. (in the territory of modern Chechnya)[73][unreliable source]. Situated in the eastern part of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe, Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. 04 per cent of the population. They are thought to either be descended from original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South)[37][38] or supposedly Nakh-speaking ethnic minorities in the north-eastern regions of the ancient state of Urartu (whose people also spoke a language that was possibly related to the Nakh languages). [87] This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. [31][32] Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain Nakhchuvan (near modern-day Kazman, Turkey) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy. As of the 2021 Census,[69] Chechens at 1,456,792 make up 96.4% of the republic's population. [55][56][57] Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that Alarodian is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families. Homeland?