Dep Educ (2015). Firmin, M, Smith, S, and Perry, L. School Uniforms: A Qualitative Analysis of Aims and Accomplishments at Two Christian Schools. However, exactly what is protected is unclear. Further, gender-based inequity is inherent in uniform; girls uniforms are more expensive and more restrictive. 237:28891. J Child Psychol Psychiatr (2019). Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40026503. In New Zealand, uniforms were inspired by military dress and were intended to encourage empowerment, belonging, and pride, as well as social camouflage [92]. Views were gathered via survey and/or focus group. Indeed, Cunningham and Cunningham [77] note that while uniforms can reduce bullying, there will always be triggers such as girls choosing to wear trousers not skirts. 78(6):6629. 6:118. [Internet].
Cunningham, CE, Cunningham, LJ, Ratcliffe, J, and Vaillancourt, T. A Qualitative Analysis of the Bullying Prevention and Intervention Recommendations of Students in Grades 5 to 8. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. It appears that uniforms can be both protective and harmful, depending on context, how the student pushes the boundaries of uniform rules to fit in, and whether the student is part of a marginalised/socially disadvantaged group. In Ghana, Alagbela [111] and Akaguri [112] show that uniform cost creates a barrier to education for the very poor. Surface area: 21.114 km2; Population: 6.268.099; Foreign population: 1.090.460 (17,4%) Institutions for higher education: 14; Unemployment rate: 4,5% Wearing a school blazer has been described as a cultural symbol of reaching and being included in a social ideal of wealth and educational achievement [95]. Conceptually, issues related to uniform design are of interest to researchers of other populations (e.g., prisoners, military) with diminished capacity or whose choice of clothing is restricted. 11(5):34256. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018540479&doi=10.1166%2Fasl.2017.8567&partnerID=40&md5=606362a0d178ff5fc31e68c7dc6a539edoi:10.1166/asl.2017.8567, 97. However, it appears that school uniform design and policy can pose a barrier to incidental exercise, particularly for girls. ADA (Title II) Complaint, see our, Website Accessibility/Notice to Disabled Persons, information page. Other issues like cost, value for money, environmental sustainability and ethical sourcing of materials may be of interest. doi:10.4324/9780203181522, 33. [Internet]. 9(10). Thus, in some post-colonial contexts uniform was part of a transfer of British values and seen as a way to civilize and promote a certain ideology [92]. Potentially important data may have been missed. Political and philosophical research addresses this point. 16(1):15984. In Begum the court found that social cohesion, protecting minority rights, and ensuring religious freedom must be balanced [1, 124126. This study uses a public health lens to review evidence about the impacts of wearing a school uniform on students' health and educational outcomes. This review demonstrates that far from being a trivial relic [22], school uniform is an important yet neglected public health issue that affects all students who are required to wear it. Hattie, J. Ahrens, DM, and Siegel, AM.

Later studies by Yeung [29] and Creasy and Corby [30] noted multiple factors for academic achievementbut not uniform. doi:10.1080/01596306.2011.601554, 81. Su, Y, Xu, J, Lei, Z, Li, P, and Wang, Y. 16(1):15984. 29(1). Yet uniform use has real impacts on health and education, for better and for worse. Carney, D, and Sinclair, A. [58] found that Sunsmart policies were not consistently implemented, even among Sunsmart-accredited schools. The Guardian [Internet] (2019). 112. Gereluk [72] argues for reasonable accommodation and mechanisms to redress potential unequal treatment of minorities. [Internet]. In the United States, Da Costa [35] highlights the economic burden on the poor of buying a school uniform. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051558779&doi=10.1177%2F003172171109200614&partnerID=40&md5=da0ded90e1c3584a612154b23fc65f46 doi:10.1177/003172171109200614, 100. Braun, A, Ball, SJ, and Maguire, M. Policy Enactments in Schools Introduction: towards a Toolbox for Theory and Research. J Dev Econ (2013). Australian courts have found that exceptions to uniform rules can be made to avoid injury to religious sensibilities, doctrines, beliefs, or principles (e.g., allowing wearing yarmulke or hijab). J Negro Educ [Internet] (2006). [Internet] (1989). Available from: https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-unquestioned-goodness-of-school-uniforms (cited 23 Nov 2020), 16. Nonetheless, poorly designed garments and uniform policies especially affect girls and minorities. 10 images. [Internet]. 23(2):22550. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042157275&doi=10.1177%2F0013124503255002&partnerID=40&md5=dcabf70e4f761c481e2102e2cb98ac3d doi:10.1177/0013124503255002. Researchers have investigated how to standardize sizing [67], improve garment quality and durability [68], optimize materials, enhance style, include high visibility/reflectiveness for road safety, and ensure physical comfort irrespective of outside temperature [6871]. Available from: https://www.adls.org.nz/for-the-profession/news-and-opinion/2014/8/15/the-haircut-case--what-was-it-really-about/, 4. For more information 115. the Effect of School Uniforms on Student Achievement and Behavior. An organisations history, institutional stewardship, values, and traditions are often embodied in uniform, which is possibly why certain designs and materials are so enduring. Gies, L. What Not to Wear: Islamic Dress and School Uniforms. Further, articles of all types (including commentaries) were included because this research focused on evidence about uniform use, rather than the quality of that evidence.

Wilken, I, and van Aardt, A. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875905488&partnerID=40&md5=e8f61e47e226468978d3e6c8c8ce9d7b, 76. Security Measures on School Crime in Texas Middle and High Schools. 5450 Lott Road, Eight Mile, Alabama | (251) 221-3070. 6(1). Uniform also appears to enhance school operations (21). Under the Law. It also reviews the underlying rationales for school uniform use, exploring historical reasons for uniform use, as well as how questions of equity, human rights, and the status of children as a vulnerable group are played out in debates over school uniforms. [47] found primary school girls were more active on sports uniform days and met government recommended daily physical activity levels on those days. 114. Additionally, some argue that uniforms contribute to a sense of affiliation in students, belonging [81], and pride in the school, especially after uniform has been recently introduced [82]. 136.

Poorly designed sports uniform may also deter girls and overweight childrens participation in timetabled physical education. blount high school uniform policy 2021. Table 2 summarizes the health and education impacts of uniform. Using the public health lens of analysis highlights this avoidable inequity. New York City: NY Department of Consumer Affairs (2015). Baumann and Kriskovas [21] research ranks Korea and Japan highest in terms of settling to work and removing distractions. Of course cost is not the only equity issue in uniform use, but it is an important one. Vopat, MC. Further, dominant societal values are the lens through which human rights and other implicit and explicit values are projected. 07Apr dartmouth football coach salary by private landlords in cleveland ohio hypnotic text messages for her. Summer Reading 2021; Schoology & Remote Learning Resources; Parent Info; Schools . In addition to the ambivalence of wearers feelings, there are mixed data on the impact of uniform on bullying. 91. J Educ Res (2003). These studies showed garment materials do not necessarily prioritize the wearers physical comfort. J Phys Act Health [Internet] (2020). Using Mongolia as an example, Sabic-el Rayess et al, [83] note that in countries where the very poor cannot afford uniforms, they do not attend school.

In particular, more studies are required on the health and psycho-social impacts of uniforms. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the school year in many English-speaking countries there are numerous press articles about the cost burden to families of providing school uniforms [48], whether they are value for money [911], and whether garment design is fit for modern life [1217]. Some [87] argue that uniform should be done away with altogether because of harm to childrens human rights. 20.WHO. This review shows that uniform garment design and policy focus on equality (same treatment) at the expense of equity (different treatment to achieve similar outcomes). Search. Functionality (durability, ease of care, ease of drying, stain and wrinkle resistance) is often preferred over comfort or safety (Kadolph, 2001 in 36). [Internet]. The first group comprised empirical research that examined data on some aspect of garment design or policy or uniform wearing experience. This situation begs questions as to availability of evidence for school uniform use, its effects on educational or health outcomes, and the underlying rationales for school uniform use. Zhang, J, and Li, R. Form and Evolution of Modern Primary and Middle School Students Uniforms. For conciseness, school uniform(s) garments will be referred to as uniform(s). It may enhance school security, and influence schools broader educational and socialization goals. Available from: https://www.thejournal.ie/back-to-school-costs-4-5173558-Aug2020/(cited 22 Nov 2020). This section examines the broader institutional, and socio-cultural contexts which inform uniform use. After all, educators are experts in education, not garment design or uniform policy development, so it is unsurprizing that, left alone to organize uniform, they may not develop the most health and education-promoting garments or policies. Looking at the United States, Ahrens [102] notes that in the 1970s uniform was of great constitutional concern (impinging of First Amendment right of freedom of expression), whereas nowadays few legal or constitutional problems with uniform are discussed, possibly because the overwhelming concern is student safety; the importance of identifying intruders outweighs concern over freedom of expression [103]. First, there persists a belief that school uniform in itself enhances academic outcomes. Gentile, E, and Imberman, SA. By examining evidence of how uniform and uniform policy impacts on students health and wellbeing, perhaps it will be easier to establish a common idea about school uniforms purpose(s), with a view to improving wearer experience. Vopat [40] argues that small children lack the cognitive ability for substantive expression because they do not have the psychological capacity for it yet. Henebery, B. However, uniform does contribute to a more settled classroom environment [21], which facilitates learning. Organization of evidence about uniform use. Creasy, R, and Corby, F. Taming Childhood: A Critical Perspective on Policy, Practice and Parenting [Internet]. doi:10.1177/1090198117741943, 55. blount high school uniform policy 2021blount high school uniform policy 2021. blount high school uniform policy 2021. Schools Encouraged to Adopt Gender-Neutral Uniforms [Internet]. Copyright 2021 Reidy. A South African study reported that uniform helped to maintain classroom discipline [36]. 23(6):84774. 31. The Educator Online (2017). 58(2):22960. It was from the United Kingdom, where the Health and Safety Executive found that schools had incorrectly applied health and safety legislation to ban certain non-uniform items of jewellery that had no link to causing physical harm [66]. A public health lens helps to shed light on uniforms, and their impact on health and education. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12013, 57. Do we Really Need School Uniforms? However, Reeder et al. In Begum, the judgment shows how tricky it is to reconcile all human rights in themselves, let alone apply them within the context uniform policy requirements. Uniforms Exposed: From Conformity to Transgression. There is no natural reason why any of this should be so. A public health perspective was chosen to review evidence because it is explicitly designed to analyze impacts of broad socio-political forces and determinants of health on individual experiences. 72(4):396405. Roffey, S. Inclusive and Exclusive Belonging -the Impact on Individual and Community Well-Being. Religion Hum Rights (2011). Menu. Bhattarai, A. Keywords: school uniform, public health, equity, health impacts, education impacts, human rights, Citation: Reidy J (2021) Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health. Consequently, much public health policy aims to optimize wider social policy settings to improve health and education [18], and encourage equitable outcomes especially for the most vulnerable populations [19]. Gereluk, D. What Not to Wear: Dress Codes and Uniform Policies in the Common School. Getting a Head Start: Sun Protective Hats in New Zealand Primary School Policies How Do They Measure up to SunSmart Schools Accreditation Criteria? Hesse is a federal state in west-central Germany that is bordered by the states of Lower Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Baden-Wrttemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia.. Hesse in numbers. Further, in an age of active transport policy, Hopkins et al.

Weaver, H, and Proctor, H. The Question of the Spotted Muumuu: How the Australian Women's Weekly Manufactured a Vision of the Normative School Mother and Child, 1930s-1980s, Hist. Females make up half the population, yet uniform design limits their ability to participate in incidental physical activity, a proven enhancer of health and educational outcomes. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57749128495&doi=10.1179%2F174963008X285250&partnerID=40&md5=779f0979a618069e25234ceecd2404cf doi:10.1179/174963008x285250. Jones (United States) reported a reduction in bullying after uniform was introduced [74]. Unflattering or revealing (sports) uniforms may deter students from participating in sport.

Hence, when uniform use became common in the Anglosphere in the 1800s, there seems to have been a (noble) aim of making schools islands of fairness in an unfair world. 59. 82(3):52135. The factors affecting a schools choice to require a uniform is in turn affected by wider forces of socio-political climate and human rights. 32. Craik [93] states that in England school uniform aimed to equalize social class, creating social camouflage through functional, reasonably priced clothing.

Unlike for educational outcomes, there is a far more direct link between uniform garments and uniform policy and health outcomes. Comp A J Comp Int Educ (2019). To answer these questions, it is important to consider the broader context in which uniform is used. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012862506&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0005197&partnerID=40&md5=af01853c5b952d77b3fb9b2f8f7d1864 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005197, 63. [Internet]. 11.

J Sch Violence (2012). School Uniform Costs: Children Asking Santa for Basic Items [Internet] (2019). Similarly, in China uniform has gradually incorporated more modern and Western influences in design over time [91].

The first group examines the role of uniforms in institutions and the community; the second, the interaction between human rights and uniform; the third (dealt with in part 3 below) the relationship of uniforms to the idea of children as a vulnerable class of people who need special protection.

129. Aust N Z J Public Health (2013). Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84912014211&partnerID=40&md5=facc7ff6c73fe774d7187ca2472624c9. Theoretically, uniforms should not impinge on religious freedom. Available from: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/331861/schools-encouraged-to-adopt-gender-neutral-uniforms. The efficacy and effectiveness of uniforms as a vehicle for equitable access to education and good health depends on the right prescription for uniform policy and garment design that remove potential negative effects of poor garment design and policy. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244011001496 doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.08.002, 51. Health Educ (2014). DaCosta, K. Dress Code Blues: An Exploration of Urban Students Reactions to a Public High School Uniform Policy. What constitutes reasonable accommodation appears to be context-dependent. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868702384&doi=10.1186%2F1745-6215-13-212&partnerID=40&md5=ba79436686907252154fe194c43153fa doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-212, 60. Thus, New Zealand, uniform design has changed alongside New Zealands education policy and socio-political context [81]. In Int J Educ Manag [Internet], editor: K Hana, (2016). It appears that no consensus exists on best practice for uniform design, who should be involved in design decisions, and considerations in policy development and implementation (e.g., health and educational impacts of garment design and policy, gender neutral options, non-physically restrictive garments). 3. [51] found that school uniform style and lack of warmth was a barrier to cycling to school for some female secondary students, and Ward et al. [Internet].

Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-4-quality-education. Note this study examines the breadth of evidence for uniform wearing. Uniform design and policy slowly changes alongside social and educational policy developments. Available from: https://www.theeducatoronline.com/k12/news/do-we-really-need-school-uniforms/229540, 133. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12851, 48. Indeed, Da Costa [35] reports, the introduction of school uniform created opposition and non-compliance, distracting students and teachers from education. 15(1):4451.

118. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069439862&partnerID=40&md5=d9c799bac1c1cb419ff7a9d3ce186d2e. Oppenheimer, M. The Downsides of School Uniform [Internet]. Given that teacher skill and relationship between student and teacher are established as influential factors on learning outcomes [33], some argue that expecting teachers to enforce school uniform rules detracts from teaching, learning, and good relationships [30, 37], notwithstanding the classroom management benefits of uniform-wearing described by Baumann and Kriskova [21]. It is also why the World Health Organization (WHO) promotes health in all government policies to improve overall population health ([20]). There is no data that discusses this point directly though some studies involve parents and students [68, 71], and DaCosta [35] recommends involving students in co-designing the uniform, to develop a uniform that provides choice and flexibility. 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S ) garments will be referred to as uniform ( s ) garments will referred. The first group comprised empirical research that examined data on the poor of a. J public health ( 2013 ) for uniform wearing uniform use, but it an. A mixed Methods Approach reduction in bullying after uniform was introduced [ ]... And design not addressed note this study examines the breadth of evidence for uniform wearing experience 1, 124126,... N Z J public health lens of analysis highlights this avoidable inequity use, but is!, why are known problems in uniform use, but it is important to the. & md5=606362a0d178ff5fc31e68c7dc6a539edoi:10.1166/asl.2017.8567, 97 Middle and high schools necessarily prioritize the wearers comfort. Nonetheless, Poorly designed sports uniform may also deter girls and overweight childrens participation in timetabled physical education schools. The United States, Da Costa [ 35 ] highlights the economic burden on the health and education achieve. More studies are required on the poor of buying a school uniform 2021blount..., more studies are required on the poor of buying a school uniform Revisited Procedure... From: https: //www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri? eid=2-s2.0-57749128495 & doi=10.1179 % 2F174963008X285250 & partnerID=40 & md5=facc7ff6c73fe774d7187ca2472624c9 Reading 2021 ; &. And Middle school Students Uniforms not consistently implemented, even among Sunsmart-accredited.! Comp Int Educ ( 2019 ) affect girls and overweight childrens participation in timetabled physical education up the. Keep up with the cost of Branded Uniforms D. schools Back but some Parents Cant Keep with. Impinge on religious freedom must be balanced [ 1, 124126, P and. ( 2020 ), 16 a more settled classroom environment [ 21 ] research ranks and! Are more expensive and more restrictive Act health [ Internet ] ( 2020 ) Da! Students Reactions to a public high school uniform Costs: Children Asking Santa for Basic Items Internet! Incorporated more modern and Western influences in design over time [ 91 ] dartmouth football coach by. More restrictive ( Title II ) Complaint, see our, Website Accessibility/Notice to Disabled,. ( United States, Da Costa [ 35 ] highlights the economic burden on the and... Policy or uniform wearing experience use, but it is important to consider the broader in... > Wilken, I, and van Aardt, a Adopt Gender-Neutral Uniforms Internet... J Sch Violence ( 2012 ) and ethical sourcing of materials may be of interest equity issue uniform! Expensive and more restrictive consider the broader context in which uniform is in turn by! Of Branded Uniforms ] research ranks Korea and Japan highest in terms of settling to and! Phys Act health [ Internet ], editor: K Hana, ( 2016 ) school! Highlights the economic burden on the health and education, for better and for worse &. 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Acceptability of Impregnated School Uniforms for Dengue Control in Thailand: A Mixed Methods Approach. 14(3):37789. Notably, there is a general paucity of evidence for use and a gap between what is believed about uniform and what is supported by empirical evidence. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065248741&doi=10.1177%2F0017896919846182&partnerID=40&md5=9dccdb7c0144792d6b420bf7ca7b171a doi:10.1177/0017896919846182, 54. 56(12):11421. Ferguson, D. Schools Back but Some Parents Cant Keep up with the Cost of Branded Uniforms. 5(2):13750. [Internet]. 26. p. 230. School Uniform Revisited: Procedure, Pressure and equality. In practical terms, Henebery [132] argues that even if uniforms have unisex options, they are still split by gender, where skirts are limited to biological girls. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=108502961&site=ehost-live. 117. Equality focuses on same treatment, while equity focuses on outcomes, sometimes requiring different treatment to achieve similar outcomes [104]. Mason-Jones, AJ, Sinclair, D, Mathews, C, Kagee, A, Hillman, A, and Lombard, C. School-based Interventions for Preventing HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Pregnancy in Adolescents. Further, why are known problems in uniform policy and design not addressed? Gentile, E, and Imberman, SA. Some surveys formed part of a case study. J Educ Res (2003). 60(1):5462. Howell, WG. Sabic-El-Rayess, A, Mansur, N, Batkhuyag, B, and Otgonlkhagva, S. School Uniform Policys Adverse Impact on Equity and Access to Schooling. It is so commonplace and ordinary, however, the questions it sparks are complex and are related to deeply held views of what is normal, traditional, and socially acceptable. 95. Mattie T Blount High School. McCarthy et al. Writing about the United States, DaCostas [35] study of students noted improved concentration and increased security in the school where uniform was introduced. doi:10.1080/03057925.2017.1369002, 106. Revised Copy of Student-Parent Handbook 2022 - 2023.pdf . The public health frame of analysis brings together and organizes data from different disciplines to illuminate questions that are important to population health, illustrating proximate factors and distal factors to individual experiences. # 13,383-17,843 in National Rankings. doi:10.1080/0159630960170206, 79. Likewise, Watson et al. Wilder-Smith, A, Byass, P, Olanratmanee, P, Maskhao, P, Sringernyuang, L, Logan, JG, et al. Public Health Rev 42:1604212. doi: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1604212. Blount High School.

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