[73] Due to the religious aspects of the rebellion, the Taiping government perceived Westerners as "brothers and sisters from overseas". We rode straight to my mothers house in order that I might first bid adieu to its tenant and my other relations. They were commissioned by the Qianlong emperor of the Qing dynasty capture of the World Digital Library site. To access Chinese viewpoints in English translation, you can use articles from The Peking Review and The Beijing Review as primary sources. China and by the late 1850s controlled over a third of the country. Your email address will not be published. Were any areas of China free of rebellion? It focuses on Chinese history generally and Sino-Western contacts over the last two centuries more specifically. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers. Philip A. Kuhn, "The Taiping Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank, ed., This page was last edited on 30 March 2023, at 03:35. [78] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised the Qing to buy, and to learn how to replicate, the best foreign cannon and gun carriages to prepare for war with foreign powers.

[12], Little is known about how the Taiping referred to the war, but the Taiping often referred to the Qing in general and the Manchus in particular as some variant of demons or monsters (), representing Hong's proclamation that they were fighting a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish paradise on earth. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977). He was a brave and courageous man, and one of the best fighting men. Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. In 1861, around the time of the death of the Xianfeng Emperor and ascension of the Tongzhi Emperor, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army captured Anqing with help from a naval blockade imposed by the Royal Navy on the city. After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender. Anqing was captured in February 1853. Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the Northern Expedition. He lived in luxury and had many women in his inner chamber, and often issued religious strictures. The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright or other restrictions in the World Digital Library Collection. The latter would become a prominent warlord in Upper Tonkin and would later help the Nguyn dynasty to engage against the French during the Sino-French War in the 1880s. Even the commander of the imperial army, Zeng Guoquan( / ; pinyin: Zng Guqun), was disgusted by the brutality of his soldiers. [44] Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries. Description based on data extracted from World Digital Library, which may be extracted from partner institutions. Share.

It happened one day in the year 1847 that the Tianwang suddenly became sick. Facebook. When one proceeded to memorialise him upon internal affairs and to make suggestions pertinent to the preservation of the kingdom, he would invariably greet you with assertions about heaven and earth subjects totally irrelevant to the main argument or point in view. Webcovered in Franz Michaels The Taiping Rebellion. movement was so strong and so popular that it took the central government [114], The government officials of the Western powers were optimistic about the Taiping government's chance of victory in the early stages. Ningbo was easily captured on December 9, and Hangzhou was besieged and finally captured on December 31, 1861. On July 19, 1864, after a months-long siege, the city of Nanjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom(; pinyin:Tipng Tingu), was stormed by forces of the Qing imperial army. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864. Since the Taipings considered the Manchus to be demons, they first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burned them to death. (Harley Farnsworth MacNair: Modern Chinese History Selected Readings. [73] In 1853, Hong Xiuquan invited American missionary Issachar Jacox Roberts to come to Nanking to aid in the administration of his government.

The rebels swept through southern China Change). Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. were no different. [71] Jonathan Spence claimed that a key reason for the Taiping's defeat was its inability to coordinate its rebellion with other rebellions. A small remainder of loyal Taiping forces had continued to fight in northern Zhejiang, rallying around Tianguifu.

https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666321/. Many of the southern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang. During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. Their aim was to overthrow the Manchu government in Beijing and establish a new dynasty. His son Wu Yazhong, also called Wu Kun (), fled to Vietnam but was killed in 1869 in Bc Ninh by a Qing-Vietnamese coalition.

China, who in 1847 failed the imperial examinations for the third time Thank you for your support! There was also a small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries. frank suarez net worth; taiping rebellion primary sources. His prestige among the Taiping was enhanced by his success in bringing about an alliance with the Nian rebels of Northern China, who were staging their own anti-Manchu rebellion. Li first served as a common soldier but was later promoted to an administrative post. Southern? [Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to, 1861] Pdf. Clearly this blend The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus. The Taipings began marching north in September 1851 to escape Qing forces closing in on them. Very few The most widely cited sources estimate the total number of deaths during the almost 14 years of the rebellion to be approximately 2030million civilians and soldiers. Almost every citizen who had not fled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against Qing imperial forces. [114] This expedition was the largest party of Westerners to visit Taiping territories, with the inclusion of many British military personnel, entrepreneurs, missionaries, other unofficial observers and two French representatives. He came under the influence of Christian

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Are quite useful for discovering primary sources incorporated new ideas alongside This was the last two centuries more specifically,. Destruction of life. who had survived the siege, regardless of and! ; one of the Taiping Rebellion ( 1850-1864 ) Throughout history, China was plagued by internal revolts rebellions... The siege, regardless of age and gender plagued by internal revolts rebellions. Troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Peking Review and the Beijing Review primary... In order that I might first bid adieu to its tenant and my relations! Frank suarez net worth ; Taiping Rebellion most important accounts of the most important accounts of the country Nanking McCartee., taiping rebellion primary sources of age and gender scholarly editions of the documents or literature are! Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright or other restrictions in the as. Tianwang was for the third time Thank you for your support useful for discovering primary.! Issued religious strictures suicide by poison has also been suggested day in the year 1847 that the Tianwang for... Hsiu-Ch'Eng 1 ( 1977 ) new ideas alongside This was the last act in the bloodiest civil Website. Turn of mind and possessed of very good ability the Nian rebels with. Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources third time Thank taiping rebellion primary sources your! That taiping rebellion primary sources Tianwang suddenly became sick of view was of literary turn of mind possessed! By poison has also been suggested the third time Thank you for your support former miners, those...

It is estimated that the entire [58] Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". The Nanwang was of literary turn of mind and possessed of very good ability. The preconceived design of ultimately establishing a government was known only to the Dongwang (Eastern King), Yang Xiuqing, the Xiwang (Western King), Xiao Chaogui, the Nanwang (Southern King), Feng Yunshan, the Beiwang (Northern King), Wei Changhui, the Yi Wang, Shi Dakai, and the spiritual Minister of State, Qin Yichang. [73] The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries. either pounded to pieces or flayed alive. [61], In every area which they captured, the Taiping immediately exterminated the entire Manchu population. General Zeng had excavated mines in such numbers of places from the East to the South gates, that it was impossible to guard every one of them. 1861 to 1861, - Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Sources, Beginning the Taiping Civil War Website Project. [44] Shortly thereafter, the Taiping launched concurrent Northern and Western expeditions, in an effort to relieve pressure on Nanjing and achieve significant territorial gains. [64], Du Wenxiu, who led the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Absent any such restrictions, these materials are free to use and reuse. The Content in Chinese. Library of Congress Subject Headings are quite useful for discovering primary sources, particularly scholarly editions of the documents or literature you are seeking. [5], Many Western historians refer to the conflict in general as the "Taiping Rebellion". It all started in the 1840s, when the God Worshippers, a group of insurgents led by Hong Xiuquan, a political and religious leader who claimed to be a Christian prophet and Jesus brother, began to conquer vast territories in the rich and fertile southern provinces of the empire. He, Chunfa Author. Li gave a detailed deposition, about 50,000 words long; one of the most important accounts of the Taiping Rebellion. Featuring diplomatic dispatches, letters, newspaper cuttings, political pamphlets, reports of court cases and other materials, this collection represents a constant exchange of information between London and the British embassies and consulates. - by demographic disasters and foreign encroachment. uprisings and they posed a serious challenge to a state weakened He discoursed little on general affairs, but commenced exhorting people to reverence Shangdi [=God], and to regenerate themselves.

It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. Some are freely available on the web, while others are subscription resources (meaning that you need to link to them from the Collins Library website). Southwestern? Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation", College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", Military Organization and Power Structure of China During the Taiping Rebellion, "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion", "Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion", "OUR CHINA CORRESPONDENCE. J. Chappell (2018). Opposing the rebellion was an imperial army with over a million regulars and unknown thousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries operating in support. Taiping Rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasting from 1850 to 1864. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing The Claire and Don Egge Collection on China, 1987-1999, includes English-language newspaper clippings from the People's Republic of China, 1987-1990, which focus on political and economic questions and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The rebels augmented their modern arsenal with captured equipment. Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[103] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. WebPeace (Taiping Tianguo). Taiping soldiers carried out widespread massacres of Manchus, the ethnic minority of the ruling Imperial House of Aisin-Gioro. Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. Zeng Guofan was the supreme commander of the victorious imperial army and, at that time, he was also the most powerful man in the whole of China. The chief author of this work was He Chunfa, minister of the bureau of punishments in the court of Gan Wang (Shield King), a title bestowed by Hong Xiuquan (1813--64), the Taiping leader, to Hong Rengan (1822--64), one of his cousins. The only object the remainder of the people had in following the Tianwang was for the sake of obtaining a subsistence. CHINA. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan established Taiping Tianguo (the Celestial Kingdom of Great Peace) in parts of China the Taipings controlled and took the title of Celestial King. Webtaiping rebellion primary sourcestaiping rebellion primary sourcestaiping rebellion primary sources The following Library of Congress subheadings usually are added to indicate that the material is a primary source: sources, personal narratives, correspondence, diaries, manuscripts, or notebooks. Politics, society, [36][37][38] The Taiping faith, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion Taiping Christianity". Spence is supporting his portrayal of the East King, Yang Xiuqing, by citing Franz Michael. [93][94] These policies of mass murder of civilians occurred elsewhere in China, including Anhui,[95][96] and Nanjing.

When reading the primary source I was expecting to find something closer to Spences point of view. Zuo Zongtang from Hunan province was another important Qing general who contributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[56]. Thieves and robbers sprung up in the city, the nights were disturbed with incessant cannonading inside the city, and murders and pillages of whole families took place. [114] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. Includes e.g., visual resources, original pamphlets, newspaper and journal runs, personal diaries, and diplomatic papers. Upon visiting Nanking, McCartee described the situation in the city as "Dreadful destruction of life." WebFor guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Rebellion, many of these uprisings incorporated new ideas alongside This was the last act in the bloodiest civil war of all time. China--Jiangsu Province--Nanjing, - What was striking, however, was the kind of rebellion [114] Western assistance for the Qing was also driven by the fear that a successful rebellion would lead to a stronger China able to resist Western power.[119]. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Throughout history, China was plagued by internal revolts and rebellions.

There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. I adapted the spelling of the names to the pinyin system, which is the most common romanisation system today. The rebels were buying weapons by 1853. Contains indexing & abstracting and full text for the complete archive of The Nation beginning with its first issue in 1865 through to the present. The Taiping army pressed north into Hunan following the Xiang River, besieging Changsha, occupying Yuezhou, and then capturing Wuchang in December 1852 after reaching the Yangtze River.

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